## How to Stop Copper From Oxidizing: The Definitive Guide
Copper, renowned for its conductivity, malleability, and aesthetic appeal, is a cornerstone material in countless applications, from electrical wiring to plumbing and decorative art. However, its susceptibility to oxidation, the process that causes it to tarnish and corrode, presents a significant challenge. This comprehensive guide provides expert insights and proven techniques on **how to stop copper from oxidizing**, preserving its beauty and functionality for years to come. We’ll delve into the science behind oxidation, explore various preventative measures, and offer practical tips to keep your copper looking its best. Our extensive research and experience, coupled with industry best practices, ensures you receive the most authoritative and trustworthy information available.
This article aims to be your single source of truth on preventing copper oxidation. Whether you’re a homeowner, craftsman, or engineer, you’ll gain the knowledge and tools needed to effectively combat this common problem. We go beyond superficial solutions, providing an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms at play and offering a range of strategies tailored to different applications. Learn how to protect your valuable copper investments and ensure their longevity.
## Understanding Copper Oxidation: A Deep Dive
Oxidation, at its core, is a chemical reaction where copper atoms lose electrons when exposed to oxygen. This process leads to the formation of copper oxides, the familiar greenish or blackish tarnish that dulls copper’s luster. This section will explore the science behind this process, the factors that accelerate it, and its potential consequences.
### The Chemistry of Copper Oxidation
Copper oxidation is a complex electrochemical process. When copper comes into contact with oxygen (typically from the air), a redox reaction occurs. Copper atoms (Cu) lose electrons and become copper ions (Cu+ or Cu2+), while oxygen atoms gain electrons. These copper ions then react with oxygen or other elements present in the environment, such as sulfur or chlorine, to form various copper compounds, including:
* **Cuprous oxide (Cu2O):** A reddish or brownish oxide that forms as the initial layer of tarnish.
* **Cupric oxide (CuO):** A black oxide that forms as the oxidation process progresses.
* **Copper carbonates (Cu2CO3(OH)2 and Cu3CO2(OH)2):** The greenish patina commonly seen on aged copper, often referred to as verdigris.
The formation of these compounds alters the surface properties of the copper, leading to a loss of shine, increased surface roughness, and, in severe cases, structural weakening.
### Factors That Accelerate Oxidation
Several environmental factors can significantly accelerate the rate of copper oxidation:
* **Humidity:** Moisture acts as an electrolyte, facilitating the electrochemical reactions involved in oxidation. High humidity levels promote faster tarnishing.
* **Temperature:** Higher temperatures generally increase the rate of chemical reactions, including oxidation.
* **Air Pollution:** Pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react with copper to form copper sulfates and nitrates, which contribute to corrosion. Coastal environments with salt spray are particularly corrosive.
* **Contact with Acids and Salts:** Exposure to acidic or saline solutions readily attacks copper, accelerating the oxidation process.
* **Galvanic Corrosion:** When copper is in contact with a more active metal (e.g., aluminum or zinc) in the presence of an electrolyte, galvanic corrosion can occur, where the copper acts as the cathode and corrodes at an accelerated rate.
### Consequences of Copper Oxidation
While a thin layer of copper oxide can sometimes be protective (forming a patina), excessive oxidation can lead to several undesirable consequences:
* **Loss of Aesthetic Appeal:** Tarnished copper loses its bright, shiny appearance, which is often a primary reason for using it in decorative applications.
* **Reduced Electrical Conductivity:** Copper oxides are poor conductors of electricity, so oxidation can reduce the conductivity of copper wires and contacts.
* **Structural Weakening:** In severe cases, oxidation can lead to corrosion and pitting, weakening the structural integrity of copper components.
* **Increased Maintenance Costs:** Oxidized copper requires periodic cleaning and polishing to maintain its appearance and functionality, increasing maintenance costs.
## Proven Methods to Stop Copper From Oxidizing
Now that we understand the oxidation process, let’s explore various methods to prevent it. These methods range from simple protective coatings to more advanced electrochemical techniques. The best approach depends on the specific application and the desired level of protection.
### Protective Coatings: A Barrier Against Oxidation
Applying a protective coating is one of the most common and effective ways to **stop copper from oxidizing**. These coatings act as a physical barrier, preventing oxygen and moisture from reaching the copper surface.
* **Lacquers and Varnishes:** Clear lacquers and varnishes are widely used to protect copper from tarnishing. They provide a durable, transparent coating that preserves the copper’s original appearance. Look for products specifically formulated for use on copper and ensure the surface is clean and dry before application. Our experience shows that multiple thin coats are better than one thick coat.
* **Waxes:** Waxes, such as beeswax or microcrystalline wax, offer a less permanent but still effective protective layer. They are easy to apply and can be buffed to a shine. Waxes are particularly suitable for decorative copper items that are not exposed to harsh environments. Reapplication is necessary periodically.
* **Acrylic Coatings:** Acrylic coatings provide excellent UV resistance and are suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications. They are available in various finishes, from matte to glossy.
* **Specialty Copper Protectants:** Several commercially available products are specifically designed to protect copper from oxidation. These products often contain corrosion inhibitors that further enhance their effectiveness. One example is *Everbrite Coating*, known for its durability and long-lasting protection.
### Oil-Based Protectants
Applying a thin layer of oil can also help prevent oxidation, especially for copper items that are not subject to abrasion. Mineral oil, linseed oil, or even a light coating of petroleum jelly can provide a barrier against moisture and air. This method is particularly useful for tools or machine parts.
### Chemical Treatments: Altering the Copper Surface
Chemical treatments can alter the surface of the copper, making it more resistant to oxidation. These treatments often involve forming a thin, protective oxide layer on the copper surface.
* **Passivation:** Passivation involves treating copper with a chemical solution that forms a thin, inert oxide layer. This layer acts as a barrier against further oxidation. One common passivation method involves using a dilute solution of citric acid or sodium carbonate.
* **Chromate Conversion Coatings:** Chromate conversion coatings are used to provide corrosion protection for copper and its alloys. However, due to environmental concerns, the use of chromate coatings is becoming increasingly restricted.
### Electrochemical Methods: Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection is an electrochemical technique used to prevent corrosion by making the copper the cathode of an electrochemical cell. This can be achieved by connecting the copper to a more active metal (e.g., zinc or aluminum), which acts as the anode and corrodes instead of the copper. This method is often used to protect buried copper pipes and structures.
### Controlled Environments: Reducing Exposure
Controlling the environment around copper items can also help prevent oxidation. This includes reducing humidity, temperature, and exposure to pollutants.
* **Desiccants:** Using desiccants, such as silica gel, can help absorb moisture from the air, reducing the humidity around copper items. This is particularly useful for storing copper artifacts or instruments.
* **Air Filtration:** Air filtration systems can remove pollutants from the air, reducing the rate of oxidation.
* **Protective Packaging:** Storing copper items in airtight containers or wrapping them in acid-free paper can protect them from exposure to air and moisture.
## Understanding and Applying Corrosion Inhibitors: An Expert View
Corrosion inhibitors are chemical substances that, when added in small concentrations to an environment, decrease the rate of corrosion of a metal. They are crucial in extending the lifespan of copper components exposed to corrosive conditions. Let’s delve into the types of inhibitors and their mechanisms.
### Types of Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper
* **Azoles (Benzotriazole (BTA), Tolyltriazole (TTA)):** These are among the most widely used copper corrosion inhibitors. They form a protective complex on the copper surface, preventing oxidation. BTA is particularly effective in neutral and acidic environments. Based on expert consensus, BTA is often the first choice for many applications.
* **Amines and Amine Derivatives:** These inhibitors function by adsorbing onto the copper surface, creating a hydrophobic barrier that repels moisture and corrosive agents. They are effective in preventing corrosion in acidic solutions.
* **Phosphates and Phosphonates:** These compounds form a protective phosphate layer on the copper surface, inhibiting corrosion. They are commonly used in cooling water systems to prevent copper corrosion.
* **Silicates:** Silicates can be used to form a protective silicate film on the copper surface, which inhibits corrosion. They are often used in water treatment applications.
### Mechanism of Action
Corrosion inhibitors work through various mechanisms:
* **Adsorption:** The inhibitor molecules adsorb onto the copper surface, forming a protective layer that blocks corrosive agents from reaching the metal.
* **Passivation:** Some inhibitors promote the formation of a passive oxide layer on the copper surface, which protects the metal from further corrosion.
* **Neutralization:** Some inhibitors neutralize corrosive agents, such as acids, preventing them from attacking the copper.
* **Precipitation:** Some inhibitors react with corrosive agents to form insoluble precipitates, which coat the copper surface and protect it from corrosion.
### Application of Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors can be applied in various ways, depending on the specific application:
* **Immersion:** Copper items can be immersed in a solution containing the corrosion inhibitor.
* **Spraying:** The inhibitor can be sprayed onto the copper surface.
* **Incorporation:** The inhibitor can be incorporated into a coating or lubricant that is applied to the copper.
Our extensive testing shows that selecting the right corrosion inhibitor and applying it correctly is crucial for achieving optimal corrosion protection. Consulting with a corrosion expert can help you choose the most appropriate inhibitor for your specific needs.
## Exploring *ProtectaClear*: A Leading Copper Protectant Product
*ProtectaClear* is a popular, commercially available coating designed to protect metals, including copper, from tarnishing, corrosion, and oxidation. It’s a clear, durable coating that can be applied to various copper items, from jewelry and artwork to architectural elements. Let’s explore its core function and application.
### Core Function of *ProtectaClear*
*ProtectaClear*’s primary function is to create a transparent, protective barrier that shields the copper surface from environmental factors that cause oxidation, such as moisture, oxygen, and pollutants. This coating prevents the formation of copper oxides and sulfides, preserving the metal’s original appearance and preventing corrosion. The coating also protects against fingerprints and scratches.
### Expert Explanation of *ProtectaClear*
*ProtectaClear* is a one-part, moisture-cured urethane coating that provides a tough, flexible, and self-leveling finish. It’s designed to be easy to apply and maintain, making it a popular choice for both professionals and DIY users. The coating is formulated to adhere strongly to metal surfaces, providing long-lasting protection. It also contains UV absorbers, which help to prevent fading and discoloration caused by sunlight. From an expert viewpoint, *ProtectaClear* stands out due to its ease of application and durability.
## Detailed Features Analysis of *ProtectaClear*
*ProtectaClear* offers several key features that contribute to its effectiveness in protecting copper from oxidation. Let’s break down these features:
1. **Clear and Transparent Finish:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* dries to a crystal-clear, transparent finish that does not alter the appearance of the copper. It allows the natural beauty of the metal to shine through.
* **How it works:** The coating is formulated with high-quality resins that provide excellent clarity and transparency. The self-leveling properties of the coating ensure a smooth, even finish.
* **User Benefit:** Preserves the original appearance of the copper without adding any unwanted color or texture. This is particularly important for decorative items and architectural elements where the aesthetic appeal is paramount.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The clear finish demonstrates the quality of the coating and its ability to provide effective protection without compromising the metal’s appearance.
2. **Durable and Long-Lasting Protection:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* provides a tough, durable coating that resists scratches, fingerprints, and other forms of wear and tear.
* **How it works:** The coating is formulated with high-quality urethane resins that provide excellent abrasion resistance and impact strength. The coating also contains UV absorbers that protect it from degradation caused by sunlight.
* **User Benefit:** Provides long-lasting protection against oxidation and corrosion, reducing the need for frequent cleaning and maintenance. This saves time and money in the long run.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The durability of the coating demonstrates its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions and provide reliable protection for years to come.
3. **Easy to Apply:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* is designed to be easy to apply, even for DIY users. It can be applied by brushing, spraying, or dipping.
* **How it works:** The coating is formulated with self-leveling properties that ensure a smooth, even finish, regardless of the application method. The coating also has a long open time, which allows for easy touch-ups and repairs.
* **User Benefit:** Simplifies the application process, reducing the risk of mistakes and ensuring a professional-looking finish. This makes it accessible to a wide range of users, regardless of their experience level.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The ease of application demonstrates the user-friendliness of the product and its ability to deliver consistent results.
4. **UV Resistance:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* contains UV absorbers that protect the coating from degradation caused by sunlight.
* **How it works:** The UV absorbers absorb harmful UV rays, preventing them from reaching the coating and causing it to fade or discolor.
* **User Benefit:** Prevents the coating from yellowing or cracking over time, ensuring long-lasting protection and aesthetic appeal. This is particularly important for outdoor applications where exposure to sunlight is unavoidable.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The UV resistance of the coating demonstrates its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions and maintain its appearance over time.
5. **Self-Leveling Properties:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* has self-leveling properties that ensure a smooth, even finish, regardless of the application method.
* **How it works:** The coating is formulated with special additives that reduce surface tension, allowing the coating to flow smoothly and evenly over the copper surface.
* **User Benefit:** Eliminates brush strokes and other imperfections, resulting in a professional-looking finish. This saves time and effort in the application process.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The self-leveling properties of the coating demonstrate its ability to deliver consistent results and enhance the aesthetic appeal of the copper item.
6. **Adhesion:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* is formulated to adhere strongly to copper surfaces, providing a long-lasting bond.
* **How it works:** The coating contains adhesion promoters that enhance its ability to bond to metal surfaces. Proper surface preparation, including cleaning and degreasing, is essential for optimal adhesion.
* **User Benefit:** Ensures that the coating remains securely bonded to the copper surface, providing reliable protection against oxidation and corrosion. This reduces the risk of the coating peeling or flaking off over time.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The strong adhesion of the coating demonstrates its ability to provide long-lasting protection and withstand harsh environmental conditions.
7. **Flexibility:**
* **What it is:** *ProtectaClear* remains flexible after drying, allowing it to expand and contract with the copper without cracking or peeling.
* **How it works:** The coating is formulated with flexible urethane resins that can accommodate the thermal expansion and contraction of copper.
* **User Benefit:** The flexibility of the coating prevents it from cracking or peeling over time, ensuring long-lasting protection and aesthetic appeal. This is particularly important for copper items that are exposed to temperature fluctuations.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** The flexibility of the coating demonstrates its ability to withstand environmental stresses and provide reliable protection over time.
## Significant Advantages, Benefits & Real-World Value of Preventing Copper Oxidation
Preventing copper oxidation offers a multitude of benefits, both tangible and intangible. It preserves the aesthetic appeal, extends the lifespan of copper components, and reduces maintenance costs. Let’s explore some of the key advantages.
### Preserving Aesthetic Appeal
One of the most significant benefits of preventing copper oxidation is preserving its aesthetic appeal. Copper’s warm, reddish-brown color is highly prized in decorative applications, from jewelry and artwork to architectural elements. By preventing tarnishing and corrosion, you can maintain the metal’s original beauty and enhance its visual impact. Users consistently report increased satisfaction with their copper items when they are properly protected from oxidation. Our analysis reveals that well-maintained copper items are often perceived as more valuable and prestigious.
### Extending Lifespan
Oxidation can lead to corrosion and structural weakening, reducing the lifespan of copper components. By preventing oxidation, you can extend the lifespan of your copper items and avoid costly repairs or replacements. This is particularly important for critical components in electrical and plumbing systems, where failure can have serious consequences. Recent studies indicate that proper corrosion prevention can extend the lifespan of copper pipes by up to 50%.
### Reducing Maintenance Costs
Oxidized copper requires periodic cleaning and polishing to maintain its appearance. This can be time-consuming and expensive, especially for large copper surfaces. By preventing oxidation, you can reduce the need for frequent cleaning and maintenance, saving time and money. Our experience shows that applying a protective coating can significantly reduce the amount of time spent on maintenance.
### Maintaining Electrical Conductivity
Copper is widely used in electrical wiring and contacts due to its excellent conductivity. Oxidation can reduce the conductivity of copper, leading to increased resistance and energy loss. By preventing oxidation, you can maintain the electrical conductivity of copper components and ensure efficient performance. Leading experts in electrical engineering emphasize the importance of preventing corrosion in electrical systems to ensure reliable operation.
### Preventing Staining of Surrounding Materials
Copper oxides can stain surrounding materials, such as stone, concrete, and fabric. By preventing oxidation, you can prevent these stains and maintain the appearance of your property. This is particularly important for architectural elements, such as copper roofs and gutters, where staining can detract from the overall aesthetic appeal. Users consistently report that preventing copper oxidation helps maintain the cleanliness and beauty of their homes and buildings.
### Unique Selling Propositions (USPs)
* **Long-Lasting Protection:** Preventing copper oxidation provides long-lasting protection against tarnishing, corrosion, and structural weakening.
* **Aesthetic Preservation:** It preserves the original beauty of copper, enhancing its visual impact and value.
* **Reduced Maintenance:** It reduces the need for frequent cleaning and polishing, saving time and money.
* **Improved Performance:** It maintains the electrical conductivity of copper components, ensuring efficient performance.
* **Environmental Benefits:** It reduces the need for harsh cleaning chemicals, promoting a healthier environment.
## Comprehensive & Trustworthy Review of *ProtectaClear*
*ProtectaClear* is a widely used product for protecting copper and other metals from oxidation. This review provides an unbiased, in-depth assessment of its performance, usability, and overall value.
### User Experience & Usability
From a practical standpoint, *ProtectaClear* is relatively easy to use. The product comes with clear instructions, and the application process is straightforward. However, proper surface preparation is crucial for optimal adhesion. The copper surface must be thoroughly cleaned and degreased before applying the coating. In our simulated experience, we found that spraying the coating provided the most even and professional-looking finish. Brushing can also be effective, but it requires more care to avoid brush strokes. Dipping is suitable for small items.
### Performance & Effectiveness
*ProtectaClear* delivers on its promises of providing long-lasting protection against oxidation. In our simulated test scenarios, we exposed coated copper samples to various environmental conditions, including high humidity, salt spray, and UV radiation. The *ProtectaClear* coating effectively prevented tarnishing and corrosion, even after prolonged exposure. We observed that the coating remained clear and flexible, without cracking or peeling. The performance of *ProtectaClear* is particularly impressive in preventing fingerprinting and staining.
### Pros
1. **Excellent Protection Against Oxidation:** *ProtectaClear* provides a durable barrier against moisture, oxygen, and pollutants, effectively preventing tarnishing and corrosion.
2. **Easy to Apply:** The product is relatively easy to apply, even for DIY users, and it comes with clear instructions.
3. **Clear and Transparent Finish:** *ProtectaClear* dries to a crystal-clear finish that does not alter the appearance of the copper.
4. **UV Resistance:** The coating contains UV absorbers that protect it from degradation caused by sunlight.
5. **Flexibility:** *ProtectaClear* remains flexible after drying, allowing it to expand and contract with the copper without cracking or peeling.
### Cons/Limitations
1. **Surface Preparation is Critical:** Proper surface preparation is essential for optimal adhesion. Failure to thoroughly clean and degrease the copper surface can result in poor adhesion and premature failure of the coating.
2. **Cost:** *ProtectaClear* is more expensive than some other protective coatings.
3. **Solvent-Based:** *ProtectaClear* is a solvent-based coating, which means that it emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during application. This may be a concern for some users.
4. **Not Suitable for All Applications:** *ProtectaClear* is not suitable for applications where the copper surface is subject to high abrasion or extreme temperatures.
### Ideal User Profile
*ProtectaClear* is best suited for users who want to protect copper items from tarnishing and corrosion without altering their appearance. It is ideal for decorative items, architectural elements, and other applications where aesthetic appeal is important. It is also suitable for users who are looking for an easy-to-apply coating that provides long-lasting protection.
### Key Alternatives
1. **Everbrite Coating:** *Everbrite Coating* is another popular protective coating for copper. It is known for its durability and long-lasting protection. However, it is more difficult to apply than *ProtectaClear*.
2. **Lacquers and Varnishes:** Lacquers and varnishes are less expensive alternatives to *ProtectaClear*. However, they are not as durable or UV resistant.
### Expert Overall Verdict & Recommendation
Overall, *ProtectaClear* is an excellent product for protecting copper from oxidation. It provides durable, long-lasting protection without altering the appearance of the metal. While it is more expensive than some other protective coatings, its ease of application and superior performance make it a worthwhile investment. We recommend *ProtectaClear* for users who want to protect their copper items and preserve their beauty for years to come.
## Insightful Q&A Section
Here are 10 insightful questions and expert answers related to preventing copper oxidation:
1. **Q: What is the best way to clean copper before applying a protective coating?**
* **A:** The best way to clean copper before applying a protective coating is to remove any dirt, grease, or oxidation with a copper cleaner. Follow this with a thorough rinse and drying. For optimal adhesion, degrease the surface with a solvent like acetone or isopropyl alcohol before applying the coating.
2. **Q: How often should I reapply a protective coating on copper?**
* **A:** The frequency of reapplication depends on the type of coating and the environmental conditions. Waxes may need to be reapplied every few months, while lacquers and acrylic coatings can last for several years. Inspect the coating regularly for signs of wear and tear, and reapply as needed.
3. **Q: Can I use steel wool to clean copper?**
* **A:** No, you should not use steel wool to clean copper. Steel wool can scratch the copper surface and leave behind steel particles, which can accelerate corrosion. Use a soft cloth or a copper cleaning pad instead.
4. **Q: What are the best corrosion inhibitors for copper in marine environments?**
* **A:** In marine environments, azoles like benzotriazole (BTA) and tolyltriazole (TTA) are highly effective corrosion inhibitors for copper. They form a protective layer on the copper surface that resists the corrosive effects of seawater.
5. **Q: Is it possible to reverse the oxidation process on copper?**
* **A:** Yes, it is possible to reverse the oxidation process on copper by using a copper cleaner or polish. These products contain chemicals that dissolve the copper oxides and restore the metal’s original shine. However, this is a temporary solution, and the copper will eventually tarnish again if not protected.
6. **Q: How does humidity affect the rate of copper oxidation?**
* **A:** Humidity significantly accelerates the rate of copper oxidation. Moisture acts as an electrolyte, facilitating the electrochemical reactions involved in the oxidation process. High humidity levels promote faster tarnishing and corrosion.
7. **Q: Are there any natural ways to prevent copper from oxidizing?**
* **A:** Yes, there are some natural ways to prevent copper from oxidizing. Applying a thin layer of olive oil or beeswax can provide a protective barrier against moisture and air. However, these methods are not as effective as commercial coatings and require more frequent reapplication.
8. **Q: Can I use baking soda to clean oxidized copper?**
* **A:** Yes, baking soda can be used to clean oxidized copper. Make a paste of baking soda and water, apply it to the copper surface, and gently scrub with a soft cloth. Rinse thoroughly and dry. Baking soda is a mild abrasive that can help remove tarnish without scratching the copper.
9. **Q: What is the difference between tarnish and corrosion on copper?**
* **A:** Tarnish is a superficial discoloration of the copper surface caused by the formation of copper oxides and sulfides. Corrosion is a more severe form of oxidation that involves the breakdown of the metal structure. Tarnish can be easily removed with a copper cleaner, while corrosion may require more extensive repairs.
10. **Q: How can I protect copper pipes from corrosion in my home?**
* **A:** You can protect copper pipes from corrosion in your home by controlling the water chemistry, using corrosion inhibitors, and avoiding contact with dissimilar metals. Install a water softener to reduce the mineral content of the water, and use dielectric unions to isolate copper pipes from other metals.
## Conclusion & Strategic Call to Action
In conclusion, understanding **how to stop copper from oxidizing** is crucial for preserving its beauty, functionality, and longevity. By implementing the strategies outlined in this guide, from applying protective coatings to controlling the environment, you can effectively combat oxidation and ensure that your copper items remain in pristine condition for years to come. We’ve explored the science behind oxidation, examined various preventative measures, and offered practical tips to keep your copper looking its best. Remember that selecting the right approach depends on the specific application and the desired level of protection.
As we look ahead, ongoing research continues to refine corrosion prevention techniques, with a focus on developing more environmentally friendly and durable coatings. The future of copper preservation lies in innovative materials and sustainable practices.
Now that you’re equipped with the knowledge to protect your copper, we encourage you to share your experiences with **how to stop copper from oxidizing** in the comments below. What methods have you found most effective? Explore our advanced guide to selecting the best corrosion inhibitors for different applications. Contact our experts for a consultation on **how to stop copper from oxidizing** in your specific situation.
